Republic of Estonia: 2025 Article IV Consultation-Press Release; and Staff Report

The Estonian economy is slowly re-emerging from a prolonged downturn but faces structural challenges. Wages growing faster than productivity and permanent increases in input costs, a legacy of previous shocks, are hindering price-sensitive activities, while production with higher technological content is constrained by lack of skilled labor and limited access to capital markets. Geopolitical developments, rising defense spending needs, and preexisting fiscal imbalances pose significant hurdles.