Arab Republic of Egypt: 2025 Article IV Consultation, Fourth Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility, Requests for Waivers of Nonobservance and Modification of Performance Criteria and Request for an Arrangement Under th

2025 Article IV Consultation, Fourth Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility, Requests for Waivers of Nonobservance and Modification of Performance Criteria and Request for an Arrangement Under the Resilience and Sustainability Facility-Press Release; Staff Report; and Statement by the Executive Director for Egypt

Author: International Monetary Fund. Middle East and Central Asia Dept.

Arab Republic of Egypt: 2025 Article IV Consultation, Fourth Review Under the Extended Arrangement Under the Extended Fund Facility, Requests for Waivers of Nonobservance and Modification of Performance Criteria and Request for an Arrangement Under the Resilience

Volume/Issue: Volume 2025 Issue 186

Publication date: July 2025

ISBN: 9798229014700

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Economics- Macroeconomics , Public Finance , Environmental Economics , market development , liberalized exchange rate regime , market participant , expenditure policy , government initiative , Revenue mobilization , Climate change , Global , Middle East and Central Asia

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Summary

Persistent and successive external shocks have complicated policy execution. The ongoing war in Sudan, which erupted in April 2023, precipitated a significant refugee inflow into Egypt, with some 603,000 Sudanese refugees registered with UNHCR as of December 31, 2024. Trade disruptions in the Red Sea since December 2023 have reduced foreign exchange inflows from the Suez Canal by US$6 billion in 2024, while transit trade volumes remain at about a third of pre-conflict levels, with further negative spillovers to growth and fiscal revenues.